Vitamin B-12 is one of the vitamins essential to maintain a healthy body. Also known as cobalamin, vitamin B-12 is necessary for the body to convert carbohydrates, fats and proteins from food into energy. B-12 is necessary to keep red blood cells healthy. Another way the body utilizes B-12 is by creating the protective covering of all nerve cells in the body.

Vitamin B-12 helps keep the red blood cells healthy, thereby preventing heart disease and keeping the immune system functioning at its maximum level. All cells need B-12 to keep them healthy. For example, white blood cells need B-12 to help ensure that the immune system functioning properly. The fatty layer of each nerve is formed by B-12; this is especially essential for those nerve cells in the brain. Without this fatty layer the brain will not function properly.

Interestingly, the amount of B-12 the body needs is relatively small, but is needed on a regular basis. B-12, on its own, cannot be easily absorbed by the body. To help the body absorb B-12, the stomach produces intrinsic factor.

Vitamin B-12 is found in food sourced from animals such as liver, eggs, fish and meat. Most people consume far more B-12 than the average person requires; however, the body can store some of that B-12 which reduces the risk of B-12 deficiency. Strict vegetarians or vegans are likely to require B-12 supplements.

If the body does not have enough B-12, the result may be pernicious anemia. This can be serious and can be caused by several factors: insufficient B-12; insufficient intrinsic factor, which is reduced as we age; children who do not eat enough of the foods containing B-12; an increased requirement of B-12, for example, pregnant women require more B-12 during the pregnancy.